Charles Moore The Japanese Mind
In ouyrsuit of perfection, a sort of perfection mounted through the pre-conceived idea of ...
The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness peter N. Dale
The Japanese have long puzzled outsiders but it is less well known that they are often puzzled themselves.
In Japan there exist a vast and intricate body of theory devoted to the analysis of Japanese identity.--> nihonjonron.
This books argues that the nihonjonron constitute a coherent ideology of nationalism and holds that they should be treated as a mythologizal system rather than as serious contributions to social science.
14
Over time the successive attempts of such works to define the Japaneseness of the Japanese have merely enhanced the mystery, adding glze on glaze to the over-lacquered idols of traditional forms of national deification.
21 The quest for identity
The nihonjinron not only entrap people with a contrived sicursive tradition to insultae the social structure from effective critique, but also militate against the emergence of an autonomous and individual search for identity.
20 When culture is seen as infrestruxtural, as determining all of the forms of social and economic life, history is made irrelevant, and social praxis is emptied of any element of libreating force and illuminative ower, since everything is seen as a symptom of the higher spirit, that enduring omnipresent yet ineffable entity with is called 'the japanese spirit.'
these slueths of autochtony, while anchoring th contemporary world to the bedrock of ancestral race consciosuness, profit from key deficiencies in the educational system, such as the lack of training in clear thinking and debate. It is as if an erudite immersion in tradition were an adequate substitute for analysis, wheras in fact such historical cultivation is often little more than a cultural placebo for a modern malaise.
When all social phenomena are riveted to the cast iron moulds of ahistorical identity, there can be no redress from crisis, personal or national, but only a perpetual recursion to cultural enewal as expressed in mindless sllidarity with the pristine virtues of the tribal past.
When Erikson has accustomed us to think of identity in terms of that complex process of inner struggle and growth through which the individual realises himself, the nihonjinron insist that in Japan identity is invariable 'group-orientated', and the term comes to imply the submergence of the individual within socierty, his coalescence with others, and the identity of subject and object, the inner and the outer world.
22
therefore, that complex fusion of felt estrangement of self and society leading towards a dialectical reequilibrium between the two, in which the individual relaises himself within society, is alien in the notion of identity as understoof by the nihonjinron. Every inch of autonomous self-assertion by the individual is contested as threatening the hegemonic reach and authority of the corporate, national ideal. While intent on prejecting an image of japan's very possibility of individual, uniquely personal identity within Japan itself.
44
West
Society Community
Individualism groupism
Horizontality Verticality
Egalitarianism herarchy
Contract Kintract
Private Public
Guilt Shame
urban-cosmopolitcan Rural-exclusive
Rights Duties
Independence Dependence
176
It should be roughly clear at this point that much of what passes for a 'Japanese kind of logic' in the nihonjinron arises from a severe, defemsively combative endeavor to overcome a diffuse sense of inferiority to the West,
Shame over a self-perceived backwardness was a major spur for 'catching up and overtaking' 9oitsuke, oikose!) the West which formed the external model of modernisation.
This shame towards one's traditional past produced a literature of reverse identity, which placed all things foreign on a pedestal and demeaned anything smacking of the Orient.
When a sense of parity with the West was achieved, then shame is displaced as motivating agent by the pride of honour, Westernisation by a resurgent nolstagia for the authentically indigenous patrimony of culture.
177
Ruth benedict's comparison between 'guil culture' and japanese 'shame culture'
shame as giverned by external sanction/ internal sanction
Guil cultures set a value upon internal norms for action, whereas shame cultures value external norms for action,
176
"if we honour others, We must dishonour ourselves' Goethe
The resltess habit of measuring oneself against some monolithic 'other', engaging as it does powerful internal forces of shame, honour, and sensitibity to status, leads to amode of consiousness in which, as Rousseau remarked, 'once the heart has taken on this habit of making comparisons, it becomes impossible not to feel aversion for anything that surpasses us, lowers us, restricts us, anything that simply by being there prevents us from being everything.'
To out this another way, when the ego-ideal was defined in terms of 'Westernisation', all discussion of Japan's 'cultural uniqueness' tended to engender feelings of shame and inferiority. But when the Japanese economy began to mount a challenge to the hegemony of the West, the sense of shame switched to focusing upon the lost, original tradition.
203
Nolstalgia for the past.
205 uniqueness thus became a code word applied to exiric phenomena whose attractiveness lay precisely in the way they gace lively contemporary witness to a world and life style transcended by the march of time and progress in the West.
John Whittier Treat
1
Just as Japanese culture at the end of the twentieth century is hardly recognizable from the perspctive of traditional aesthetics, so too have the methods and aims of those who study Japan been damatically altered by the advent of new theories in the academy, on the one hand, and the dazzling speed of cultural change in Japan itself.
The World of Japanese Popular Culture
119
Women Magazine
i have argued elsewhere that in Japan indiduality is more about being fashionable and sophisticated than about ctually doing one's thing.
Hendry (1986) argues that bringing up Chidren in Japan emphasize the importance of showing them good examples and encouraging them to imitate good behaviour.
Japanese only know how to follow.. immitate. they don't know how to carry on without an example.
3
Monday, October 22, 2007
Saturday, October 20, 2007
japan
had always ... individuality. Freshness.
Japan should look within itself and not elsewhere or from outside forces.
Bottom up
Indivuduals.
Yound people.
Old people have to equip them.
78
i well known that Japan is an econpmic superpower.
But can it be assumed that, because Japan is economically resoundingly successful as a nation, its people are correspondingly happy, welathy and enjoying the fruits of that success? It is true that concumer income has risen, sothat it soars like a statisical Mount Fuji over the surrounding region. A kind o
Prosperity means that sixty million cars clog the highways; one-third of the world's tuna catch and two -fifths of its shrimp pass through Japanese stomachs; one-quarter of the world's tropical timber is imported; millions of ordinary people take ooverseas holidays every year. In terms of life expeectency, literacy years of schooling, and personal income, Japan ranked number one in the world from 1990 to 1993 and remained number three even after that.
These are impressive figures but they have to be put into perspective. In measuring standards of living, it would be foolish to ignore the availibility of gormet foods, the amount of overseas travel, he level of ownership of cars and elctronic gadgetry, but one would expect such things to follow general satisfaction of the more essential needs- for housing, urban infrastructure(transport, water, sewage, leisure and welfare facilities. quality of environment)
289
The faith in mdoernization began to weaken even as its promised land was being occupied. the disparity between human needs and human desires was becoming patent. The salaryman who had created the miracle of postwar japan was begining to see himself as a Sisyphean jogger on the treadmill of infinitely expanding and replicating desire.
The deep-rooted dissatisfaction with the workings of the supposedly tirumphant market in Japan, and the search for an alternative view in government, business, and the society generally, gathers strength as the end of the century looms, even if the direction it will eventually take is unclear.
This generation will have to face the same dilemma as that of their predecessors in yet another sense: how to define its own isentity without negating either Asia or the West, wh
The third, and perhaps greatest chellange- are the problems raised in their own government's White Paper, of how to transform their own lifestyles in a way even more profound, and literally revolutionary, than the transformation of their parents or grandparents. theors will be the task of meeting the challenge to human survivsl posed not by obviously
and essentially it will have to be done without the help of outside intervention.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) looked forward to the achivement of what he called the "stationary state," which might today be called the zero-growth state, as something to be welcomed. Writing in 1848, he referred to "the mere increase of production and accumulation: that excites the congratulations of 'ordinary" politicians with mind that require "coarse stimuli." his words will ring true and wise, and witha particular appropriateness to contemporary Japan, long after he penned them.
I know not why it should be matter of congratulation that persons who are already richer than anyone needs to be, should have doubled their means of consuming things which give little or no pleasure except as representitive of wealth.... It is only in the backward countries of the world that increased production is still an important subject; in those most advanced, what is economicall needed is better distribution/
I confess I am not charmed with the ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on; that the trampling and crushing, elbowing, and treading on each other's heels, which form the existen
It is scarcely neccessary to remark that a stationary condition of capital and population implies no stationary state of human improvement. There would be so much scope as every for all kinds of mental culture, and moral and social progress; as much as for improving the Art of Living, and much more likelihood if its being improved, when minds ceased to be engrossed by the art of getting onm.
Straitjacket Society
Holding Japanese Minds
Unmasking japan today
Contemporary japan and Popular Culture
The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness
Japan should look within itself and not elsewhere or from outside forces.
Bottom up
Indivuduals.
Yound people.
Old people have to equip them.
78
i well known that Japan is an econpmic superpower.
But can it be assumed that, because Japan is economically resoundingly successful as a nation, its people are correspondingly happy, welathy and enjoying the fruits of that success? It is true that concumer income has risen, sothat it soars like a statisical Mount Fuji over the surrounding region. A kind o
Prosperity means that sixty million cars clog the highways; one-third of the world's tuna catch and two -fifths of its shrimp pass through Japanese stomachs; one-quarter of the world's tropical timber is imported; millions of ordinary people take ooverseas holidays every year. In terms of life expeectency, literacy years of schooling, and personal income, Japan ranked number one in the world from 1990 to 1993 and remained number three even after that.
These are impressive figures but they have to be put into perspective. In measuring standards of living, it would be foolish to ignore the availibility of gormet foods, the amount of overseas travel, he level of ownership of cars and elctronic gadgetry, but one would expect such things to follow general satisfaction of the more essential needs- for housing, urban infrastructure(transport, water, sewage, leisure and welfare facilities. quality of environment)
289
The faith in mdoernization began to weaken even as its promised land was being occupied. the disparity between human needs and human desires was becoming patent. The salaryman who had created the miracle of postwar japan was begining to see himself as a Sisyphean jogger on the treadmill of infinitely expanding and replicating desire.
The deep-rooted dissatisfaction with the workings of the supposedly tirumphant market in Japan, and the search for an alternative view in government, business, and the society generally, gathers strength as the end of the century looms, even if the direction it will eventually take is unclear.
This generation will have to face the same dilemma as that of their predecessors in yet another sense: how to define its own isentity without negating either Asia or the West, wh
The third, and perhaps greatest chellange- are the problems raised in their own government's White Paper, of how to transform their own lifestyles in a way even more profound, and literally revolutionary, than the transformation of their parents or grandparents. theors will be the task of meeting the challenge to human survivsl posed not by obviously
and essentially it will have to be done without the help of outside intervention.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) looked forward to the achivement of what he called the "stationary state," which might today be called the zero-growth state, as something to be welcomed. Writing in 1848, he referred to "the mere increase of production and accumulation: that excites the congratulations of 'ordinary" politicians with mind that require "coarse stimuli." his words will ring true and wise, and witha particular appropriateness to contemporary Japan, long after he penned them.
I know not why it should be matter of congratulation that persons who are already richer than anyone needs to be, should have doubled their means of consuming things which give little or no pleasure except as representitive of wealth.... It is only in the backward countries of the world that increased production is still an important subject; in those most advanced, what is economicall needed is better distribution/
I confess I am not charmed with the ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on; that the trampling and crushing, elbowing, and treading on each other's heels, which form the existen
It is scarcely neccessary to remark that a stationary condition of capital and population implies no stationary state of human improvement. There would be so much scope as every for all kinds of mental culture, and moral and social progress; as much as for improving the Art of Living, and much more likelihood if its being improved, when minds ceased to be engrossed by the art of getting onm.
Straitjacket Society
Holding Japanese Minds
Unmasking japan today
Contemporary japan and Popular Culture
The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness
The only way is to reduce inequality in all sense and in all dimensions.
Perhaps the climate of perecption has changed this this time, as is reflected through the last State of the States conclave held in September 2007 organised by IndiaToday. Perhaps, today, ministers are not as ... as what they were descibed to be. Judging by the debate, ministers are aware of what needs to be done. That the only way for the economy to propel even further is for all sorts of inequality to be reduced.
In essence, to propel even further in development, India needs to take a conscious step to elminate inequality in all sense. As Gandhi says,
Only then can India really soar high and shine.
Politics of Inclusive Growth India Today October 1 2007 6-12
6
State of the States conclave organised by India Today. As close as one could get to a national Development Council. ten chief ministers, onedeputy chief inister and ministers from three states dbated the causes of rising inequality and the need to push inclusive growth
India today editor-in-chief Aroon Purie set the tone for the debate when he said 'the good news is that there is growth but the bad news is hat, far from being inclusibe, it has increased inequality".
Finance Minister P. Chidambaram, in his inaugural address, pointe dout that "every squeare inch on Infia is ruled by states" and that the laws of economics would work in India, but all stakeholders must work together to find the country its place in the wrld.
agriculture, education and infrastructure the focus.
Lack of attention to agriculture and education the primary focus.
Parkash Singh Badal, chief miister, punjab: Our finance minister has painted a rosy picture of the country. But in reality, the position is the opposite. We have to plan for the lower, not the upper strata. i would request mr. Purie and mr. Chawla (editor of India today) to hold this meeting next time in a village, under a tree. We talk about these things in air-conditioned halls and even at the Planning Commission meetings. I have requested the members of the commission to stay for one day and one night in a village and then they will realise what is to be done. Our farmers do hard work. Yet they are under heavy debt. Why is it so? because the policies of the Central givernment are against the farmers. Agriculture is in full control of the Centre. What can we do in the states, say about fertilisers or diesel?
Painted a rosy picture? Elites like to paint. Indiastreet--> No mention on poverty and inequality.
7
'We disperse industries to rural areas, invest in education and promote tourism. All this enables job creation." N. Rangasamy Chief minister, Puducherry
8
"Mere spending does not mean development. A good delivery system and governance are imperative for any region." Virbhadra Singh. Chief minister, Minachal Pradesh.
8
"We all talk about high griwth but it is like a train where only the engine is running without bogies and the people." Sushil Kumar Modi Deputy Chief Minister, Bihar
7
"The biggest problem we should worry about is unemployement in rural areas. If this is not solved, there will be a revolution." Parkash Singh Badal.
9
"Only 5 per cent of our population is vocationally trained. We need to make people employable to promote growth." ravi Parthasarathy, Chairman & MD, IL&FS
10
... :Our theme this year is skill set upgradation for inclusive growth..... The oriblem is at the lower-end. We have a very large workforce. But 93 per cent of it is in the informal sector. We are working on pilot projects with the Rural Development Ministry for skill development of people below the poverty line and also with the textiles industry. We need to do more. We need to fill this gap through public-private partnerships.
11
"Inclusive growth must be the sub-text of our developmental efforts." Mohammad Hamid Ansari Vice-President.
10
"because of the special status given to some states, investment has fled some states. We should be compensated for this." Digambar kamat, chief minister, Goa.
11
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
It was at the ninth session of the Indian National Congress at Lohore in 1893 that Dadabhai Naoroji commented : "the gratest quetion before you, the question of all questions, is the poverty of India. This will be, I am much afraid, the great future trouble both for the Indian people and of the British rulers. It is the rock ahead. " The situation was no different five decades later on the eve of Independence, as evident from Palme Dutt's observation 1946 "India is a country of poor people; but it is not a poor country. Between these two lies the problem of the existing social and political order in India.
Thus, a century after Dadabhai Naoroji's comment, the cock continues to exist and protends the great future trouble. the poverty of India is still the question of all questions. The successes of the Indian economy are good. We have had a real GDP growth of 9.4 per cent for 2006-2007 and an exchange rate per capita of &880. In purchasing power parity terms, the per capita GDP has climbed to around $4000. Our savings and investment rateds have increased. there was a gross FDI inflow of $19.5 billion in 2006-2007 and good reasons exist to believe that there have been productivity and efficiency.
The evident contradition perplexes obsevers and leads to two questions. One is-what does this mean for a large segment of our population? And two- what is the true wealth of our nation? Is it the national income and material wealth or are the people of India enabled and empowered- our true wealth? if it is the latter, the only mearue of national progress should be the quality of life of our people.
the sense of satisfaction at the maro-economic situation stand diminished with the realisation that 77 per cent of our population has an income of around Rs 20, half a dollar in exchange rate terms and $2 in purchasing power parity terms. This poor and vulnerable segments of the India population represents the broad caegory within which the dynamics of povery alleviation plays out.
We have a situation where the richest 10% of the the population account for slightly less than 30 per cent of the share of expenditure and the poorest 10 per cent of the populaion account for less than 5 per cent.
More than income inequalities, what are particularly worrisome are stark human development inequalities that adversely impact life chances and capabilities of our people.
We have many examples from around the world, and within the country, where public policy choices have ensured better human development outcome than warranted by the level of economic development. This was done through a cnbscious focus on income distribution patterns and ensuring that public spending on basic halth and education remained high. How does India rank according to these parameters? Public expenditure on education is around 3 per cent of the GDP and on health is around 1.2 per cent of GDP. This is low by any standards, and specially for the extent of poverty in India. Much more nerds to be done.
Mahatma Gandhi accepted that his idea; of equal distribution is not relisable. But he advocated equitable distribution as an achievable goal.
***India has to give its people the basic thing it needs. Health and education.
P. Chidambaram. Finance Minister.
I am a passionate advocate of the well-being of all states because if all the states are doing well, India will do well. Unfortunately, growth is not even among the states and within a state too, growth is not even.
One of the reasons wht the remarkable economic growth rate accross the country is critiseized in some quarters is because of the unevnenness of the process and the unevenness of the product. It is, the
There are states that are small and therefore,.... But each one of these problems can be attacked by applying logic, reason and good economics.
***It seems to me as if the answers are blatant. If it seems blatant enough in a Level 2 university development course, surely it must be for politicians and ministers who have far more training, ... and insight. What then is holding them back? Surely not this logic, reason and good economics that was mentioned about. Then it must be something more than logic.
I have no doubt inn my minds,,that in my lifetime we can abolish abject povert in India. It will take us 20 more years of splendid growth rates- growth rates of over 8 per cent, near 9 oer cent. If we can sustain it for 20 years, you will find that this country is a very different country from what it is today and what it was 15 years ago.
** However, can this growth rate be sustained... Look a other countries.
September 24
State of the states
8
Shankkar Aiyar
history, you could argue, is the best teacher of political economy. the basic lesson political parties and leaders could imbibe from this is that getting it right does not require a post doctorae in rocket science. Development may elude he masses but the difinition of economic development is not elusive or mysterious. It is, as the textbook says, about getting the basic foundation right. very simply, promote agriculture by ensuring credit to farers and developing irrigation facilities, invest in infrastructure for cennectibity between fields and markets, spend on education and health to enable people to benefit from the opportunities and derive rebune from the resultant investments that will boost consumer cmarkerts.
**performance not perception
Inclusive inequality.
20
India is expected to notch 9-plus per cent growth for the thrid successibe year. But a large section is not on the gravy train.
Money is nothing: character, conduct and capacity are everything George bernard Shaw in 1900s.
301 million, a fourth of the population (of 111 million) is living less than a dollar a day, below the low tide of poverty otherwide jargonised as BPL. Within SOuth Asia, India has 77 per cent of the poor. Contasrt this with another nugget. India is also home to 36 dollar-billionaires. At the height of the stock market boom, the wealth of just five individuals in the country exceeded $100 billion or 10 per cent of the GDP.
Our study (based on data from National Sample Surver Organisation- 1993-1994 and 2004-2005 reports on expenditiure and income) shows that jammu and Kashmir, inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient has gone up across the country.
The top 20 per cent of the population in urban India earns 56 per cent of the income while th bottom 20 per cent earns barely 3.4 per cent of the income. Indded, the top 20 per cent earns more than all the others put together..
22
Simple assymetry- of education, skills, opportunity and physical infrastructure- is currently driving income and this expenditure inequality. As several studies have validated, lack of education creates an assymetry both in ability and skills leading to people being less employable or more employable. This enables those better skilled to earn better. But there is hardly any move to institutionalise skills training. India has only 12 000 vocational training institutes against China's 5 00 000.
Physical infrasturcture.
India has struggled to add 45 000 MW in ficve years while China adds nearly 70 000 MW every year.
States like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have barelt 15 % road connectivity. This leads to income disparity between those living in ruban areas and those in rural areas. Lack of connectivity from, say fields to markets prevents farmers from getting better returns. lack of farm-to-fork chain systems results in produce being wasted.
This widens the distance between incomes earned from the real potential.
Juxtapose
pg 23 !!!! What the state has failed in.
A case for India Whining Bibek Debroy & laveesh Bhandari
Roughly one-third of all children in India are underweight. A survey in a private school in Delhi has found that roughly one-third of the children there are obese. Of course there is inequality in th country.
Perhaps the climate of perecption has changed this this time, as is reflected through the last State of the States conclave held in September 2007 organised by IndiaToday. Perhaps, today, ministers are not as ... as what they were descibed to be. Judging by the debate, ministers are aware of what needs to be done. That the only way for the economy to propel even further is for all sorts of inequality to be reduced.
In essence, to propel even further in development, India needs to take a conscious step to elminate inequality in all sense. As Gandhi says,
Only then can India really soar high and shine.
Politics of Inclusive Growth India Today October 1 2007 6-12
6
State of the States conclave organised by India Today. As close as one could get to a national Development Council. ten chief ministers, onedeputy chief inister and ministers from three states dbated the causes of rising inequality and the need to push inclusive growth
India today editor-in-chief Aroon Purie set the tone for the debate when he said 'the good news is that there is growth but the bad news is hat, far from being inclusibe, it has increased inequality".
Finance Minister P. Chidambaram, in his inaugural address, pointe dout that "every squeare inch on Infia is ruled by states" and that the laws of economics would work in India, but all stakeholders must work together to find the country its place in the wrld.
agriculture, education and infrastructure the focus.
Lack of attention to agriculture and education the primary focus.
Parkash Singh Badal, chief miister, punjab: Our finance minister has painted a rosy picture of the country. But in reality, the position is the opposite. We have to plan for the lower, not the upper strata. i would request mr. Purie and mr. Chawla (editor of India today) to hold this meeting next time in a village, under a tree. We talk about these things in air-conditioned halls and even at the Planning Commission meetings. I have requested the members of the commission to stay for one day and one night in a village and then they will realise what is to be done. Our farmers do hard work. Yet they are under heavy debt. Why is it so? because the policies of the Central givernment are against the farmers. Agriculture is in full control of the Centre. What can we do in the states, say about fertilisers or diesel?
Painted a rosy picture? Elites like to paint. Indiastreet--> No mention on poverty and inequality.
7
'We disperse industries to rural areas, invest in education and promote tourism. All this enables job creation." N. Rangasamy Chief minister, Puducherry
8
"Mere spending does not mean development. A good delivery system and governance are imperative for any region." Virbhadra Singh. Chief minister, Minachal Pradesh.
8
"We all talk about high griwth but it is like a train where only the engine is running without bogies and the people." Sushil Kumar Modi Deputy Chief Minister, Bihar
7
"The biggest problem we should worry about is unemployement in rural areas. If this is not solved, there will be a revolution." Parkash Singh Badal.
9
"Only 5 per cent of our population is vocationally trained. We need to make people employable to promote growth." ravi Parthasarathy, Chairman & MD, IL&FS
10
... :Our theme this year is skill set upgradation for inclusive growth..... The oriblem is at the lower-end. We have a very large workforce. But 93 per cent of it is in the informal sector. We are working on pilot projects with the Rural Development Ministry for skill development of people below the poverty line and also with the textiles industry. We need to do more. We need to fill this gap through public-private partnerships.
11
"Inclusive growth must be the sub-text of our developmental efforts." Mohammad Hamid Ansari Vice-President.
10
"because of the special status given to some states, investment has fled some states. We should be compensated for this." Digambar kamat, chief minister, Goa.
11
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
It was at the ninth session of the Indian National Congress at Lohore in 1893 that Dadabhai Naoroji commented : "the gratest quetion before you, the question of all questions, is the poverty of India. This will be, I am much afraid, the great future trouble both for the Indian people and of the British rulers. It is the rock ahead. " The situation was no different five decades later on the eve of Independence, as evident from Palme Dutt's observation 1946 "India is a country of poor people; but it is not a poor country. Between these two lies the problem of the existing social and political order in India.
Thus, a century after Dadabhai Naoroji's comment, the cock continues to exist and protends the great future trouble. the poverty of India is still the question of all questions. The successes of the Indian economy are good. We have had a real GDP growth of 9.4 per cent for 2006-2007 and an exchange rate per capita of &880. In purchasing power parity terms, the per capita GDP has climbed to around $4000. Our savings and investment rateds have increased. there was a gross FDI inflow of $19.5 billion in 2006-2007 and good reasons exist to believe that there have been productivity and efficiency.
The evident contradition perplexes obsevers and leads to two questions. One is-what does this mean for a large segment of our population? And two- what is the true wealth of our nation? Is it the national income and material wealth or are the people of India enabled and empowered- our true wealth? if it is the latter, the only mearue of national progress should be the quality of life of our people.
the sense of satisfaction at the maro-economic situation stand diminished with the realisation that 77 per cent of our population has an income of around Rs 20, half a dollar in exchange rate terms and $2 in purchasing power parity terms. This poor and vulnerable segments of the India population represents the broad caegory within which the dynamics of povery alleviation plays out.
We have a situation where the richest 10% of the the population account for slightly less than 30 per cent of the share of expenditure and the poorest 10 per cent of the populaion account for less than 5 per cent.
More than income inequalities, what are particularly worrisome are stark human development inequalities that adversely impact life chances and capabilities of our people.
We have many examples from around the world, and within the country, where public policy choices have ensured better human development outcome than warranted by the level of economic development. This was done through a cnbscious focus on income distribution patterns and ensuring that public spending on basic halth and education remained high. How does India rank according to these parameters? Public expenditure on education is around 3 per cent of the GDP and on health is around 1.2 per cent of GDP. This is low by any standards, and specially for the extent of poverty in India. Much more nerds to be done.
Mahatma Gandhi accepted that his idea; of equal distribution is not relisable. But he advocated equitable distribution as an achievable goal.
***India has to give its people the basic thing it needs. Health and education.
P. Chidambaram. Finance Minister.
I am a passionate advocate of the well-being of all states because if all the states are doing well, India will do well. Unfortunately, growth is not even among the states and within a state too, growth is not even.
One of the reasons wht the remarkable economic growth rate accross the country is critiseized in some quarters is because of the unevnenness of the process and the unevenness of the product. It is, the
There are states that are small and therefore,.... But each one of these problems can be attacked by applying logic, reason and good economics.
***It seems to me as if the answers are blatant. If it seems blatant enough in a Level 2 university development course, surely it must be for politicians and ministers who have far more training, ... and insight. What then is holding them back? Surely not this logic, reason and good economics that was mentioned about. Then it must be something more than logic.
I have no doubt inn my minds,,that in my lifetime we can abolish abject povert in India. It will take us 20 more years of splendid growth rates- growth rates of over 8 per cent, near 9 oer cent. If we can sustain it for 20 years, you will find that this country is a very different country from what it is today and what it was 15 years ago.
** However, can this growth rate be sustained... Look a other countries.
September 24
State of the states
8
Shankkar Aiyar
history, you could argue, is the best teacher of political economy. the basic lesson political parties and leaders could imbibe from this is that getting it right does not require a post doctorae in rocket science. Development may elude he masses but the difinition of economic development is not elusive or mysterious. It is, as the textbook says, about getting the basic foundation right. very simply, promote agriculture by ensuring credit to farers and developing irrigation facilities, invest in infrastructure for cennectibity between fields and markets, spend on education and health to enable people to benefit from the opportunities and derive rebune from the resultant investments that will boost consumer cmarkerts.
**performance not perception
Inclusive inequality.
20
India is expected to notch 9-plus per cent growth for the thrid successibe year. But a large section is not on the gravy train.
Money is nothing: character, conduct and capacity are everything George bernard Shaw in 1900s.
301 million, a fourth of the population (of 111 million) is living less than a dollar a day, below the low tide of poverty otherwide jargonised as BPL. Within SOuth Asia, India has 77 per cent of the poor. Contasrt this with another nugget. India is also home to 36 dollar-billionaires. At the height of the stock market boom, the wealth of just five individuals in the country exceeded $100 billion or 10 per cent of the GDP.
Our study (based on data from National Sample Surver Organisation- 1993-1994 and 2004-2005 reports on expenditiure and income) shows that jammu and Kashmir, inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient has gone up across the country.
The top 20 per cent of the population in urban India earns 56 per cent of the income while th bottom 20 per cent earns barely 3.4 per cent of the income. Indded, the top 20 per cent earns more than all the others put together..
22
Simple assymetry- of education, skills, opportunity and physical infrastructure- is currently driving income and this expenditure inequality. As several studies have validated, lack of education creates an assymetry both in ability and skills leading to people being less employable or more employable. This enables those better skilled to earn better. But there is hardly any move to institutionalise skills training. India has only 12 000 vocational training institutes against China's 5 00 000.
Physical infrasturcture.
India has struggled to add 45 000 MW in ficve years while China adds nearly 70 000 MW every year.
States like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have barelt 15 % road connectivity. This leads to income disparity between those living in ruban areas and those in rural areas. Lack of connectivity from, say fields to markets prevents farmers from getting better returns. lack of farm-to-fork chain systems results in produce being wasted.
This widens the distance between incomes earned from the real potential.
Juxtapose
pg 23 !!!! What the state has failed in.
A case for India Whining Bibek Debroy & laveesh Bhandari
Roughly one-third of all children in India are underweight. A survey in a private school in Delhi has found that roughly one-third of the children there are obese. Of course there is inequality in th country.
Identity was in their entity.
Example: When economy burst, then so did their sense of identity. because the economy, their entity, was central to it.
The day when the mountains move is coming
I tell you, yet people refuse to believe it
The mountains have been sleeping for a long time
Long ago they moved it passionately blazing with fire
You need not belive it
But ah! believe only this:
Women who have been sleeping
begin to wake and move
patricia Moreley the Mountain is Moving: Japanese Women's Lives UBC Press Vancouver 1999
Akiko Yosano, "The day When the Mountain Move," composite translation.
Karen Kelsky women on the verge Japanese Women, Western Dreams Duke University Press London 2001
1
The 1980s and 1990s saw a series of profound and far-reaching transformations in Japanese gender relations.
It was during this time that the birthrate first began its preciptous slide downward, reaching 1.57 births per woman in 1989, well below the minimum 2.2. births required to sustain the present population. This development so stunned the public that it earned the name "the 1.57 shock" and inspired impassioned media debate as well as government directives to women to bear more children (these were ineffective and by 1997, the rate had plummeted to 1.39; koseisho 2000a). Meanwhile, it was during his time that Japanese began marrying considerably later in life: By the late 1990s the average age of first marriage had risen to almost twenty-nine form men and almost twenty-seven for women, the highest in the industrialised world (Koseisho 2000b). Single japanese men now began to suffer seriously drom the effects of kekkon-nan (marriage difficulty), as a large proportion of young single marriage-age women first deserted rural areas and farmimh life for the large cities and then, even within the large cities, spurned men employed in the blue-collar sector for the urban middle-class ideal of the white-collar sarariman (salaryman). At the same time, backed by the high yen and the overvalued economy, yound women began travelling abroad in ever-increading numbers, eventually surpassing, by 1990, the number of young men engaging in foreign travel by a margin of 2 to 1. As one offshoot of this overseas crazy, ryugaku(study abroad) for periods ranging from one month to several years became an accepted and even common career move for middle-class single women in their twenties and thirties. By the early 1990s, almost 80 persent of Japanese study-abroad students were female.
2
I argue that the turn to the foreign has become prhaps the most important means currently at women's disposal to resist gendered expectations of the fema;e life course.
Example: When economy burst, then so did their sense of identity. because the economy, their entity, was central to it.
The day when the mountains move is coming
I tell you, yet people refuse to believe it
The mountains have been sleeping for a long time
Long ago they moved it passionately blazing with fire
You need not belive it
But ah! believe only this:
Women who have been sleeping
begin to wake and move
patricia Moreley the Mountain is Moving: Japanese Women's Lives UBC Press Vancouver 1999
Akiko Yosano, "The day When the Mountain Move," composite translation.
Karen Kelsky women on the verge Japanese Women, Western Dreams Duke University Press London 2001
1
The 1980s and 1990s saw a series of profound and far-reaching transformations in Japanese gender relations.
It was during this time that the birthrate first began its preciptous slide downward, reaching 1.57 births per woman in 1989, well below the minimum 2.2. births required to sustain the present population. This development so stunned the public that it earned the name "the 1.57 shock" and inspired impassioned media debate as well as government directives to women to bear more children (these were ineffective and by 1997, the rate had plummeted to 1.39; koseisho 2000a). Meanwhile, it was during his time that Japanese began marrying considerably later in life: By the late 1990s the average age of first marriage had risen to almost twenty-nine form men and almost twenty-seven for women, the highest in the industrialised world (Koseisho 2000b). Single japanese men now began to suffer seriously drom the effects of kekkon-nan (marriage difficulty), as a large proportion of young single marriage-age women first deserted rural areas and farmimh life for the large cities and then, even within the large cities, spurned men employed in the blue-collar sector for the urban middle-class ideal of the white-collar sarariman (salaryman). At the same time, backed by the high yen and the overvalued economy, yound women began travelling abroad in ever-increading numbers, eventually surpassing, by 1990, the number of young men engaging in foreign travel by a margin of 2 to 1. As one offshoot of this overseas crazy, ryugaku(study abroad) for periods ranging from one month to several years became an accepted and even common career move for middle-class single women in their twenties and thirties. By the early 1990s, almost 80 persent of Japanese study-abroad students were female.
2
I argue that the turn to the foreign has become prhaps the most important means currently at women's disposal to resist gendered expectations of the fema;e life course.
Saturday, August 25, 2007
Dependency Theory
Colin Leys The Rise and Fall of Development Theory 1996 James Currey Ltd oXFORD
12
Dependency theory inverted many of the assumptions of modernization theory. It saw metropolitan policy as maleficient, no benefient; inflows od foreign inverstment were seen as giving rise to much greater interest and profit outflows; 'modernizing elites' were really compradores, or lumpen- bourgeoisies, serving their own and foreign interests, not those of the people; world trade perpetuated structures of underdevelopment, rather than acting as a solvent for them. Capitalist develp,met offered nothing to the periphery; the solution lay in reducing lnks to the metropoles and bringing about 'autocentric' national economic growth.
45
It is becoming clear that 'underdevelopment' and 'dependency theory is no longer serviceable and must now be transcended. The evidence for this is (i) r
56
USt generally holds or implies that the condition of people in under-developed countries is the result of exploitation, and this certainly appeals to 'common sense' as one contemplates generally the record of colonialism, in , say, Peru ir the Cingo,
58
For instance, when an MNC moves ots television-manufacturing operation from the USA or Taiwan it does so precisely to reduce the overall level of real wages it pays and so increase absolute surplus value. The Taiwanese workers are evidently more exploited that the US workers whom they replace, using identical equipment. They are also likely to have higher real incomes than Taiwanese workers in plants with much lower organic composition of capital and who as a result produce less per hour of labour.
Which of these two groups of workers is considered more exploited depends both on relative wages and relative productivity,
Diana Hunt Economic Theories of Development barnes & Noble Books 1989 Maryland
203
Dos Santos argues that Dependence is not a purely external phenomenon. It can be manifest in its various forms only because of the collaboration of domestic dominant classes with the metropolitan bourgeoisie. hence, analysis of a national situation of dependence requires the analysis also of its own specific domestic characteristics and movemeny.
204
Dos Santos, three aspects of dependence combine to constrain economic development in the periphery.
1. Since industrial development in the periphery is dependent on exports to earn the foreign currency for purchase of essential inputs, the first consequence of contemporary dependence is the need to preserve the traditional export sector. This 'limits economically the development of the internal market by the conservation of backward relations of production and signifies, politically, the maintenance of power by taridtional dcadent oligarchies. In countries where the export sector is controlled by foreign capital it also signifis substantial profit repatriation and enhanced political dependence.
2.Not only is industrial development strongly conditioned by the balance of payments, but the latter has an inherent tendency towards deficit due to the relations of dependence themselves. Thus trade relations take place in a highly monopolised international market, which tends to lower the price of raw materials and to raise the prices of industrial products. Moreover, modern technology also tebnds toward replacement of natural raw materials with synthetics, thus reducing denabd at the centre for the periphery exports. In addition, foreign capital retains control over the most dynamic sectors in the periphery and repatriates high profits. 'Foreign-financing'- and financial dependence- thus become necessary both to cover the existing balance of payments deficit and to provide the foreign exchange for further development.
3. Meanwbhile, industrial development is also strongly conditioned by the technological monoply exercised by imperialist centres- by the cost of technnology and by tendency to obtain it in the form of invstment by foreign firms. Use of this technology in the labour abundant economies of the periphery results in the super-exploitation of low-wage labour, in limited labour absorbtion, continuing mass deprivation and restricted debelopment in the domestic market.
Dos Santos suggests it is, that eachs tage of dependence is reinforced by a neccesary coincidence between dominant and foreign interests, then it follows that the only way to break out of dependence is radically to change the internal structure that reinforces it and to establish popular revolutionary government which open the wasy to socialism.
217 critisims.
Argued that it is imposiible to draw a hard and fast line between economies that are dependent and those that are not. Rather, international dependence affects all economies to varying degrees.
Seers identifies three key resources which are needed by all national economies, and ingrowing amounts in those which output and/or average living standards are expanding. These are oil, cereals, and technology. No country, Seers argues, is capable of truly aitonomous economic development in that it can supply all its own needs for all three of these resources. Rather, countries can be ranked from least dependent to fully dependent according to whethner they are net importers of one, two or all three of these items. The tests of the significance of this categorisation would come, says Seers, in periods of economic crisis, specifically in periods of disruption to international trade, when the more dependent economies (according to this definition) would suffer the most.
Seers critique thus ends positively, which an attempt to give greater operational precision to the dependence concept by focusing on degress of dependence rather than on a clear-cut dichotomy between economic independence and dependence.
(Not true because japan.)
Magnus Blomstrom & Bjorn Hettne Development Theory in Trasition
43ECLA sttempted to show that underdevelopment is not the same as undevelopment.
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
The press august 17
Investors lose $4.6b, kiwi dollar nosedives.
the kiwi dollar has nosedived into a frightening free-fall, plunging by US 3c, while the sharemarkert has taken a massive hammering, wiping hundreds of millions in a black day for New Zealand investors.
new Zealan'd currency suffered the biggest slump in 20 years, amid panick selling, as the kiwi crashed as low as US68.2c yesterday
The kiwi dollar was the casualty of a torrid flight to safe investments by global investors- existing their high-risk bets on the Kiwi currency for the safer bonds and cash deposits. The fear of a worldwide credit crunch is scaring investors on world sharemarkets, with share prices on a rollercoaster ride.
new Zealand investors have seen $4.6 billion wiped off the value of shares in the top 50 stocks in the last three weeks due to uncertainty about the health of world markets.
the falling dollar has already hit Kiwis in their wallets, with BP boosting petrol prices by three cents a litre last night.
Meanwhile, local investors have been hurt by the backwash from an international financial meltdown sparked by bad loans to high-risk borrowers in the United States housing markets.
Billions of dollars have been lent for overpriced housing to people with poor payment records-some of whome are now defaulting.
Pundits said that the kiwi's fall was not over, and it all depended on what occured in global credit and sharemarkets.
ANZ Bank chief economist Cameron Bagrie did not think US 69c was the bottom of the kiwi dollar. This could go all the way to 60c.
However, exporters were breathing a sigh of relief- with the dollar's decline making their products more competitive in world markets.
However, for consumers, it will eventually mean higher priced imported goods and more costly travel.
A wave of selling by currency speculators bailing out of investments was pulling the dollars down. There had been a scattering of buyers.
The dollar has fallen 7.2% this week.
Speculators were bailing out of the currency to repay lenders they had borrowed big money from to make their currency bets.
Pundits said that
the kiwi dollar has nosedived into a frightening free-fall, plunging by US 3c, while the sharemarkert has taken a massive hammering, wiping hundreds of millions in a black day for New Zealand investors.
new Zealan'd currency suffered the biggest slump in 20 years, amid panick selling, as the kiwi crashed as low as US68.2c yesterday
The kiwi dollar was the casualty of a torrid flight to safe investments by global investors- existing their high-risk bets on the Kiwi currency for the safer bonds and cash deposits. The fear of a worldwide credit crunch is scaring investors on world sharemarkets, with share prices on a rollercoaster ride.
new Zealand investors have seen $4.6 billion wiped off the value of shares in the top 50 stocks in the last three weeks due to uncertainty about the health of world markets.
the falling dollar has already hit Kiwis in their wallets, with BP boosting petrol prices by three cents a litre last night.
Meanwhile, local investors have been hurt by the backwash from an international financial meltdown sparked by bad loans to high-risk borrowers in the United States housing markets.
Billions of dollars have been lent for overpriced housing to people with poor payment records-some of whome are now defaulting.
Pundits said that the kiwi's fall was not over, and it all depended on what occured in global credit and sharemarkets.
ANZ Bank chief economist Cameron Bagrie did not think US 69c was the bottom of the kiwi dollar. This could go all the way to 60c.
However, exporters were breathing a sigh of relief- with the dollar's decline making their products more competitive in world markets.
However, for consumers, it will eventually mean higher priced imported goods and more costly travel.
A wave of selling by currency speculators bailing out of investments was pulling the dollars down. There had been a scattering of buyers.
The dollar has fallen 7.2% this week.
Speculators were bailing out of the currency to repay lenders they had borrowed big money from to make their currency bets.
Pundits said that
Nervous investors bale out of $A pg25 16 August
The $A was already under pressure when markets here opened yesterday after Wall Street stocks declined sharply and a US investment firm, Sentinel Management, said it wanted to stop its clients withdrawing cash to avoid force liquidation.
Investors are still exiting overweight positions in risky assets and in the currency markets, the large net long speculative positions being unwound are in the $A, kiwi, setrling and euro, " nabCapital currency strategist John kyriakopoulos said. A long position is a bet a currency will appreciate.
Unlucky tarders carrued away as follar loses 13 pc.
The $A was already under pressure when markets here opened yesterday after Wall Street stocks declined sharply and a US investment firm, Sentinel Management, said it wanted to stop its clients withdrawing cash to avoid force liquidation.
Investors are still exiting overweight positions in risky assets and in the currency markets, the large net long speculative positions being unwound are in the $A, kiwi, setrling and euro, " nabCapital currency strategist John kyriakopoulos said. A long position is a bet a currency will appreciate.
Unlucky tarders carrued away as follar loses 13 pc.
Unlucky traders
Financial Review Aug 18-19 2007
The sharp fall in the Australian dollar is something of mixed blessing for the economy, though on balance should support economic growth over the coming year.
On the one hand, the $A will be a filip to lested companies that rely on offshore earnings, as these will now translate into higher local earnings.
It will also ease competitive pressure on exporters and import-competing companies, particularly hard-pressured manufacturers and service providers that, unlike miners, have not directly benefited from the global commodity boom.
A weaker dollar wukk, however, add to demand and inflation pressures in the economuy, through higher import prices and the competitive boost to internationally exposed companies. in turn, that could add to the case for higher interest rates, though this will depend on how strong the global economy remains. The $A will not add to high interest rate pressures if it is associated with a fall in global risk-taking, and much slower global economic growth.
"It's an extremely volatile market," said Robert Rennie, chief currency strategist at Westpac Banking Corp. "But it's probably too early to say with any great conviction what it means for
****
A global credit crunch innitially sparked in the US sub-prime mortgage market meltdown continued to escalate as more financial firms warned of losses and companied struglled to raise funds in the debt market.
Investors frantically dumped shares
Risky assets across the world has been dumped. And this includes the NZ dollars.
The sharp fall in the Australian dollar is something of mixed blessing for the economy, though on balance should support economic growth over the coming year.
On the one hand, the $A will be a filip to lested companies that rely on offshore earnings, as these will now translate into higher local earnings.
It will also ease competitive pressure on exporters and import-competing companies, particularly hard-pressured manufacturers and service providers that, unlike miners, have not directly benefited from the global commodity boom.
A weaker dollar wukk, however, add to demand and inflation pressures in the economuy, through higher import prices and the competitive boost to internationally exposed companies. in turn, that could add to the case for higher interest rates, though this will depend on how strong the global economy remains. The $A will not add to high interest rate pressures if it is associated with a fall in global risk-taking, and much slower global economic growth.
"It's an extremely volatile market," said Robert Rennie, chief currency strategist at Westpac Banking Corp. "But it's probably too early to say with any great conviction what it means for
****
A global credit crunch innitially sparked in the US sub-prime mortgage market meltdown continued to escalate as more financial firms warned of losses and companied struglled to raise funds in the debt market.
Investors frantically dumped shares
Risky assets across the world has been dumped. And this includes the NZ dollars.
Wednesday, June 6, 2007
Jonathan D. Spence. The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1990.
229
In this context, the emperor Guangxu, who undoubtly had a wider view of the options facin China than any of his predecessors...
decided to assert his own independence as ruler, and to act on the country's behalf. Between June and September 1898 he issued an extraordinary series of edicts, earning for this period the name of the "Hundred Days' Reforms." Although most of the edicts dealt with proposals that had already been raised by self-strengthening reformers and by the jinshi protestors of 1895, there had never befire been such a coherent body of reform ideas presented on imperial initiative and backed by imperial prestige.
Guanxu called for changes in four main areas of Qing life and government. To reform China's examination system, he orders the abolition of the highly stylized format knows as the "eith legged essay," which had structured the exams for centuries. he also urged hat fine calligraphy and knowledge of poetry no longer be major criteria in grading degree candidates; instead he ordered the use of more questions related to practical governmental problems.
Also in the area of education, he ordered the upgrading of the Peking college and the addition to it of a medical school, the conversion of the old academied to modern schools offering both Chinese and Western learning, and the opening of the vocational istitues for the study of mining, industry, and railways.
In the broader area of ecnomic development, the emperor ordered local officials to coordinate reforms in commerce, industry, and agriculture, and to increase the production of teas and silk for export. new bureaus in Peking were established to supervise such growth, along with mines and railways, and the Ministry of Revenue was to design an overall annual budget for the country as a whole.
Guangxu also addressed the strengthening of the armed forces. Much of the oney that had been needed by the navy had gone into the rebuilding of the empress dowager's summer palace, which included construction of a marble "boat" for her lake-viewing pleasure. now a fleet of theirty- four modernn warships was to be assembled, by purchase or ay local construction. Army drill was to be standardized along Western lines. Training and dscipline of local militias were improves,.
Finally, he tries to strengthen the bureaucracy by streamlining it and simplifying its procedures. He sought to abloish the more obvious sinecure appointments an dto move some of the displace officials to positions in the new economic planning bureaus.
230
Many senior officers, viewing Guangxu's reform program with a jaundiced eye, saw it as detrimental t the long-term good of China and destructive of China's true inner values. Guangxu seems to have mistakenly thought that his aunt Cixi would support his vision of a new China and would help him override the opposition. In fact she was disturbed by some of the proposed changes that threatened to weaken the Qing ruling house, and was worried that the faction supporting Guanxu seemes dangerously subordinate to pressure and influences from both the British and the French.
ALthough the evidence is contradictory, it seems that a number of the reformers feared there might be a coup against the eperor, and accordingly approached some leading generals in an attempt to win their support. this led to a backlash when news of the scheming was reported to the empress dowager, who, on September 19. 1898, suddenly returned to the Forbidden City. Two days late,, she issued an edict claiming that the emperor had asked her to resume power. She put Guanxu under palace detention and arrested six of his reputedly radicaL ADVISERS. Before they could even be tried on the vague conspiracy charges, her order that they be executed was carried out, to the dismay of the reform party and of many foreigners in China. kang YuWei had left Peking on assignment just before the coup, but his younger brother was among the victims. Now, with a price on his head, Kang YuWei was carried to safety in Jong Kong... and from there made his way to Canada. Liang Quchao also fled China and began a life of exile. His and Kang's dreans for a coherent program of reform, to be coordinated by the emperor in the name of a new China, had ended in disaster.
Frank H.H. King. A Conscise Economic History of Modern China. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1969.
76
The immediate impact of 1898 on China was contradictory. While on the one hand the defeat facilitated further, but still limited, government-sponsored economic projects; on the other hand, it temporarily discredited officials like Li -Hung CChhang
It fostered the 100 days reform of 1898
CHina, Japan and the Powers
306
China's defeat by Japan in 1894 and 1895 was the first event which impressed on any considerable number of the CHinese scholar-gentry the urgency of westernization. Defeat by Japan was particularly galling for the CHinese had long been accustomed to looking down on the japanese as a people whoo owed whatever civilization the possessed to the Middle Kingdom.
However, the fact that Japan could master Western techniques and use them agaisnt CHina with such effect gave zealous Chinese a sort of hope.
308
With the major powers asking for railroad and mining concessions, boundary rectifications, leasehold, nonalienation agreements, and the right to make loans, the breakup of CHina seemes imminent.
What could save China from dismemberment? Army reform, or a broader program of westernization such as Japan had underone? Who would initaiate it an carry it out? Answers to these question came in June, 1898, when the emperor himself came forward to lead what was subsequently known as the "Hundred Days Reform"
309
The emperor. though now fully of man's estate, was not completely free of the unfluence of his :Augus Aunty".
The Emores Dowager was well aware of the emperor's desire for independence and continued to manuever members of her coteri into key positions in which they could thwart and restrict any dangerous self-assertion by the emperor. Example...
311
The reforms which the emperor decreed under the guidance of the reform party covered a tremendous range.
An imperial university was created
'The Chinese Progress', a newspaper which Liang had been editing in Shanghai, became an official organ of the government.
A Bureau of Agriculktue, Arts and COmmercce was created, to encourahe scientific methos of farming and the use of labor saving machinery.
The emperor and his advisors were aware of their danger and resolve dto put the EMpress Dowager out of the way before she could dispose them.
312
As Kang Yu-wei later saud if he attitude of the emperor in 1898 "...he saw his country about to sink in the earth, about to be buried in ruins, about to burst like an egg, about to be divided up, about to mortify, abou to be torn in shreds, about to become like India or Anam, or Burmah- a dependent of another Power!"
HJaoan by promy and consious westernixation had escaped this faith; China must hasten to do likewise or be taken captive. hence the valiant effort of the yound emperor and his advisers to do what they thought neccesary to save China in the aces of oppisition.
Plans to reform by the Empress Dowager herself and the Manchus
229
In this context, the emperor Guangxu, who undoubtly had a wider view of the options facin China than any of his predecessors...
decided to assert his own independence as ruler, and to act on the country's behalf. Between June and September 1898 he issued an extraordinary series of edicts, earning for this period the name of the "Hundred Days' Reforms." Although most of the edicts dealt with proposals that had already been raised by self-strengthening reformers and by the jinshi protestors of 1895, there had never befire been such a coherent body of reform ideas presented on imperial initiative and backed by imperial prestige.
Guanxu called for changes in four main areas of Qing life and government. To reform China's examination system, he orders the abolition of the highly stylized format knows as the "eith legged essay," which had structured the exams for centuries. he also urged hat fine calligraphy and knowledge of poetry no longer be major criteria in grading degree candidates; instead he ordered the use of more questions related to practical governmental problems.
Also in the area of education, he ordered the upgrading of the Peking college and the addition to it of a medical school, the conversion of the old academied to modern schools offering both Chinese and Western learning, and the opening of the vocational istitues for the study of mining, industry, and railways.
In the broader area of ecnomic development, the emperor ordered local officials to coordinate reforms in commerce, industry, and agriculture, and to increase the production of teas and silk for export. new bureaus in Peking were established to supervise such growth, along with mines and railways, and the Ministry of Revenue was to design an overall annual budget for the country as a whole.
Guangxu also addressed the strengthening of the armed forces. Much of the oney that had been needed by the navy had gone into the rebuilding of the empress dowager's summer palace, which included construction of a marble "boat" for her lake-viewing pleasure. now a fleet of theirty- four modernn warships was to be assembled, by purchase or ay local construction. Army drill was to be standardized along Western lines. Training and dscipline of local militias were improves,.
Finally, he tries to strengthen the bureaucracy by streamlining it and simplifying its procedures. He sought to abloish the more obvious sinecure appointments an dto move some of the displace officials to positions in the new economic planning bureaus.
230
Many senior officers, viewing Guangxu's reform program with a jaundiced eye, saw it as detrimental t the long-term good of China and destructive of China's true inner values. Guangxu seems to have mistakenly thought that his aunt Cixi would support his vision of a new China and would help him override the opposition. In fact she was disturbed by some of the proposed changes that threatened to weaken the Qing ruling house, and was worried that the faction supporting Guanxu seemes dangerously subordinate to pressure and influences from both the British and the French.
ALthough the evidence is contradictory, it seems that a number of the reformers feared there might be a coup against the eperor, and accordingly approached some leading generals in an attempt to win their support. this led to a backlash when news of the scheming was reported to the empress dowager, who, on September 19. 1898, suddenly returned to the Forbidden City. Two days late,, she issued an edict claiming that the emperor had asked her to resume power. She put Guanxu under palace detention and arrested six of his reputedly radicaL ADVISERS. Before they could even be tried on the vague conspiracy charges, her order that they be executed was carried out, to the dismay of the reform party and of many foreigners in China. kang YuWei had left Peking on assignment just before the coup, but his younger brother was among the victims. Now, with a price on his head, Kang YuWei was carried to safety in Jong Kong... and from there made his way to Canada. Liang Quchao also fled China and began a life of exile. His and Kang's dreans for a coherent program of reform, to be coordinated by the emperor in the name of a new China, had ended in disaster.
Frank H.H. King. A Conscise Economic History of Modern China. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1969.
76
The immediate impact of 1898 on China was contradictory. While on the one hand the defeat facilitated further, but still limited, government-sponsored economic projects; on the other hand, it temporarily discredited officials like Li -Hung CChhang
It fostered the 100 days reform of 1898
CHina, Japan and the Powers
306
China's defeat by Japan in 1894 and 1895 was the first event which impressed on any considerable number of the CHinese scholar-gentry the urgency of westernization. Defeat by Japan was particularly galling for the CHinese had long been accustomed to looking down on the japanese as a people whoo owed whatever civilization the possessed to the Middle Kingdom.
However, the fact that Japan could master Western techniques and use them agaisnt CHina with such effect gave zealous Chinese a sort of hope.
308
With the major powers asking for railroad and mining concessions, boundary rectifications, leasehold, nonalienation agreements, and the right to make loans, the breakup of CHina seemes imminent.
What could save China from dismemberment? Army reform, or a broader program of westernization such as Japan had underone? Who would initaiate it an carry it out? Answers to these question came in June, 1898, when the emperor himself came forward to lead what was subsequently known as the "Hundred Days Reform"
309
The emperor. though now fully of man's estate, was not completely free of the unfluence of his :Augus Aunty".
The Emores Dowager was well aware of the emperor's desire for independence and continued to manuever members of her coteri into key positions in which they could thwart and restrict any dangerous self-assertion by the emperor. Example...
311
The reforms which the emperor decreed under the guidance of the reform party covered a tremendous range.
An imperial university was created
'The Chinese Progress', a newspaper which Liang had been editing in Shanghai, became an official organ of the government.
A Bureau of Agriculktue, Arts and COmmercce was created, to encourahe scientific methos of farming and the use of labor saving machinery.
The emperor and his advisors were aware of their danger and resolve dto put the EMpress Dowager out of the way before she could dispose them.
312
As Kang Yu-wei later saud if he attitude of the emperor in 1898 "...he saw his country about to sink in the earth, about to be buried in ruins, about to burst like an egg, about to be divided up, about to mortify, abou to be torn in shreds, about to become like India or Anam, or Burmah- a dependent of another Power!"
HJaoan by promy and consious westernixation had escaped this faith; China must hasten to do likewise or be taken captive. hence the valiant effort of the yound emperor and his advisers to do what they thought neccesary to save China in the aces of oppisition.
Plans to reform by the Empress Dowager herself and the Manchus
Monday, June 4, 2007
Peasants, Rebels & Outcastes
Mikiso Hane. Peasants, Rebels & Outcastes: The Underside of Modern Japan. New York: Patheon Books, 1982.
The Tokugawa background 4
For more than two centuries befor Commodore Matther C. Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay in 1853, demanding that Japan establish diplomatic relations with the United States, Japan had been virtually sealed off from the outside world, excpet for a small "opening" at nagasaki, where the Dutch, Chinese, and Koreans were allowed to come and trade under tight restrictions. During this period, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu), which had been established in 1603.
the founders of the Tokugawa shogunate divided the society they ruled into four main classes: the warriors (samurai), the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants. At the bottom of society were the outcastes, who may have numbered close to half a million or so by the end of the Tokugawa era. In addition these strict strata there were the priests, and, at the very top, court aristocrats and, of course, the daimyo.
In theory, class divisions were fixed;
9
In 1868, the old order was overturned, and japan entered a new era with the establishment of the Meiji government. The new leaders launched Japan pn a path of "modernization," to make Japan rich and powerful.
Although the downfall of the Bakufu was largely the result of internal developments, it was the advent of indluence from the Qestern powers, with their insistence that japan abandon its seclusionist policy and open itself up to the international commerce, that contributed most profoundly to the difficulties confronting the Tokugawa government. the bakufu complied with the Western powers' demands, and this then became its opponents' rallying pint as they jpined forces agaisnt the tokugawa government in the nae of "reverence for the emperor and exclusion of the barbarians." Once in power, however, the Bakufu's opponents dropped their isolationist position and set Japan once and for all on the course of Westernization. Although the methods favoured by both the propenents of expelling Westerners and the advocated of opening he nation to external contacts were different, their objectives were the same. Well aware of Western encroachments on China, India, and other Asian nations, the political leaders of both groups strove to preserve Japan's independence.
10
the propenents of Westernization, or modernization in Japan were primarily interested in Western schience, technology, and weapons, not the West's moral or political ideals. This line of thinking, followed by the architects of Meiji Japan, was well expressed by a late Tokugawa Confucian scholar, Sakuma Zozan (1811-1864), who states, "In teachings concerning morality and benevolence and righteousness, filial piety and brotherly love, loyalty and faithfulness, we must follow the example and precepts of the Chinese sages. In astronomy, geography, gunnery, commerce, medicine, machinery, and construction, we must rely mainly on the West.
11
The new order that was established by the Meiji government failed to improve significantly the condition of the people at the lower levels of the social order. In fact, for many it meant greater hardship and suffering. In particular, the peasantry (already expected to procide the resources and manpower to build the wealth and power of the nation) was asked to sacrifice its lives, material resources, labor, and individual interests for the sake of the nation-state and, of course, for the benefit of the small elute at the top of the social pyramid. Still treated like sesame seeds, theu were not allowed to share fully the fruits of modernizationl little of the new "welath" trickled down to the masses, and the powerful elite enjoyed as much wealth and influence as the had the major Tokugawa daimyo.
the meiji Restoration, in 1868, affcted all levels of Japanese socaety in a dramatic fashion. the peasants, who constituted about 80 percent of the population, felt the impact of the transition fro Tokugawa rule as powerfully as other segments of the society. Little wnder, since the new order involved the replacement of the bakufu-Han system with the centralized authority of the new government, the official abolition of feudal class dvisions, the termination of the feudal land-tenure system, the adoption of a new land-tax arrangement, recognition of private land ownership, the intitiation of major measures to industrialize the nation, the establishment of an army and navy modeled after Western armed forces, and the adoption of a universal education system.
14
the changes that affected the lives of the peasants more directly were the abolition of the feudal class system and the elimination of many social restrictions. During 1869-1871, feudal domains were eliminated as the former feudal lords relinquished their authority to the imperial government. In the process, the class divisions of samurai, peasants, artisans, and merchants were abloished and the populace was reclassified as kazoku ("peers"), shizoku ( "gentry"), and beimin ("commoners"_- not for legal purposes, it was said, but for purposes of identification in the family registers kept in the village and town offices. Legal barriers against interclass marriages were removes and people were granted the freedom to pursue any vocation and live in any district they wished. The common people wee now permitted- in fact, required- to adopt family names, a priviledge denied then under the old regime. Restrcitions fomerly imposed on their dress, hairstyles, and mode of travel (travel on horseback had ben forbiden) were abandones, and they were no longer required to frobel in the dirt in the presence of samurai.
Needless to say, the removal of legal distinctions and restrictions did not mean that common people were now accorded complete equality with the upper classes, aprticularly in the social realm.The patricians expected that them t continue to be humble an dto re respectful of speech.
the commoners in turn found it difficult to overcome the sense of inferiority that had for centuries been instilled in them at the oint of the sword. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a propagator of Western ideas and knowledge, claimed that he was dismayed when he discovered that the new order had not changed the common people's thinking and behavior. Soon after the restoration, he encountered a farmer coming on a horseback as he and his children were passing along the seashore on a holiday. the man immediately jumped off his horse upon seeing them. He then bowed as if in great dear and began to apologize in his voluble way. The man would only get back on his horse after Yukichi forced him to.
17
the givernment recognized the private ownership of land.
Peasants…
17
The heavy cost of the Meiji government’s determined program of modernization was to be borne primarily by the agrarian sector.
They taxed the land very heavily.
The land tax, coupled with the fluctuation in the price of rice, caused small and medium-sized farm owners to fall increasingly into debt, with many ultimately losing their land.
The Tokugawa background 4
For more than two centuries befor Commodore Matther C. Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay in 1853, demanding that Japan establish diplomatic relations with the United States, Japan had been virtually sealed off from the outside world, excpet for a small "opening" at nagasaki, where the Dutch, Chinese, and Koreans were allowed to come and trade under tight restrictions. During this period, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu), which had been established in 1603.
the founders of the Tokugawa shogunate divided the society they ruled into four main classes: the warriors (samurai), the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants. At the bottom of society were the outcastes, who may have numbered close to half a million or so by the end of the Tokugawa era. In addition these strict strata there were the priests, and, at the very top, court aristocrats and, of course, the daimyo.
In theory, class divisions were fixed;
9
In 1868, the old order was overturned, and japan entered a new era with the establishment of the Meiji government. The new leaders launched Japan pn a path of "modernization," to make Japan rich and powerful.
Although the downfall of the Bakufu was largely the result of internal developments, it was the advent of indluence from the Qestern powers, with their insistence that japan abandon its seclusionist policy and open itself up to the international commerce, that contributed most profoundly to the difficulties confronting the Tokugawa government. the bakufu complied with the Western powers' demands, and this then became its opponents' rallying pint as they jpined forces agaisnt the tokugawa government in the nae of "reverence for the emperor and exclusion of the barbarians." Once in power, however, the Bakufu's opponents dropped their isolationist position and set Japan once and for all on the course of Westernization. Although the methods favoured by both the propenents of expelling Westerners and the advocated of opening he nation to external contacts were different, their objectives were the same. Well aware of Western encroachments on China, India, and other Asian nations, the political leaders of both groups strove to preserve Japan's independence.
10
the propenents of Westernization, or modernization in Japan were primarily interested in Western schience, technology, and weapons, not the West's moral or political ideals. This line of thinking, followed by the architects of Meiji Japan, was well expressed by a late Tokugawa Confucian scholar, Sakuma Zozan (1811-1864), who states, "In teachings concerning morality and benevolence and righteousness, filial piety and brotherly love, loyalty and faithfulness, we must follow the example and precepts of the Chinese sages. In astronomy, geography, gunnery, commerce, medicine, machinery, and construction, we must rely mainly on the West.
11
The new order that was established by the Meiji government failed to improve significantly the condition of the people at the lower levels of the social order. In fact, for many it meant greater hardship and suffering. In particular, the peasantry (already expected to procide the resources and manpower to build the wealth and power of the nation) was asked to sacrifice its lives, material resources, labor, and individual interests for the sake of the nation-state and, of course, for the benefit of the small elute at the top of the social pyramid. Still treated like sesame seeds, theu were not allowed to share fully the fruits of modernizationl little of the new "welath" trickled down to the masses, and the powerful elite enjoyed as much wealth and influence as the had the major Tokugawa daimyo.
the meiji Restoration, in 1868, affcted all levels of Japanese socaety in a dramatic fashion. the peasants, who constituted about 80 percent of the population, felt the impact of the transition fro Tokugawa rule as powerfully as other segments of the society. Little wnder, since the new order involved the replacement of the bakufu-Han system with the centralized authority of the new government, the official abolition of feudal class dvisions, the termination of the feudal land-tenure system, the adoption of a new land-tax arrangement, recognition of private land ownership, the intitiation of major measures to industrialize the nation, the establishment of an army and navy modeled after Western armed forces, and the adoption of a universal education system.
14
the changes that affected the lives of the peasants more directly were the abolition of the feudal class system and the elimination of many social restrictions. During 1869-1871, feudal domains were eliminated as the former feudal lords relinquished their authority to the imperial government. In the process, the class divisions of samurai, peasants, artisans, and merchants were abloished and the populace was reclassified as kazoku ("peers"), shizoku ( "gentry"), and beimin ("commoners"_- not for legal purposes, it was said, but for purposes of identification in the family registers kept in the village and town offices. Legal barriers against interclass marriages were removes and people were granted the freedom to pursue any vocation and live in any district they wished. The common people wee now permitted- in fact, required- to adopt family names, a priviledge denied then under the old regime. Restrcitions fomerly imposed on their dress, hairstyles, and mode of travel (travel on horseback had ben forbiden) were abandones, and they were no longer required to frobel in the dirt in the presence of samurai.
Needless to say, the removal of legal distinctions and restrictions did not mean that common people were now accorded complete equality with the upper classes, aprticularly in the social realm.The patricians expected that them t continue to be humble an dto re respectful of speech.
the commoners in turn found it difficult to overcome the sense of inferiority that had for centuries been instilled in them at the oint of the sword. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a propagator of Western ideas and knowledge, claimed that he was dismayed when he discovered that the new order had not changed the common people's thinking and behavior. Soon after the restoration, he encountered a farmer coming on a horseback as he and his children were passing along the seashore on a holiday. the man immediately jumped off his horse upon seeing them. He then bowed as if in great dear and began to apologize in his voluble way. The man would only get back on his horse after Yukichi forced him to.
17
the givernment recognized the private ownership of land.
Peasants…
17
The heavy cost of the Meiji government’s determined program of modernization was to be borne primarily by the agrarian sector.
They taxed the land very heavily.
The land tax, coupled with the fluctuation in the price of rice, caused small and medium-sized farm owners to fall increasingly into debt, with many ultimately losing their land.
Sunday, June 3, 2007
Unmasking Japan today
3
One of the few areas in which Japan remained independent of Western influence during this time was with regard to the institution of the family. Despite the modernization of lifesty;es and many other speheres of Japanese society, ie (the traditional family system), which had previously existed among the upper class, was codified and enforced throughout Japan regardless of social status.
Many practices unworthy of imitation were discarded. What is most characteristic about Japan's effort to learn from the West is its spirit of independence in incorporating only those elements that would be advantageous to it. Japan succeded in keeping its ethos and cultural-spiritual traditions intact while assimilating Western knowledge and technology.
Changes in the Japanese Family System
15
the basis of the contemporary Japanese family rests upon the fuedal conecpt of ie, which may be translated as "stem family." More specifically, ie is defined as "a vertically composite form of nuclear families, one from each generation" or a "series of first sons, their wives and minor children."
This feudal family structure came into existence during the Edo era among the upper strata of Japanese society, that is, aristocrats, the shogunate and samurai warriors. Under the ie system, the continuation of the family line from one generation to another depended upon the existence of male offspring in the family.
During this period, there was no ie system among th lower classes of Japanese society- peasants, artisans, merchants or eta (the class of untouchables). Although all except eta had names, these were not family names but names given to indicate their occupations. In this conext, the family was a functional unit defined by its economic activities. All of these classes engaged in economic production, and family members included not only blood relatives but also tenants and servants.
16
Even though the the Meiji Restoration in 1868 ended the fuedal era in Japan, it was only after enforcement of the Civil Code in 1898 that the class system was officialy abolished, and the Japanese people were united as one under the emperor. In cosequence, the ie systen came to characterize bothe upper-and lower-class families, with each family directyly subordinate to the emperor. Thus, the Meiji restoration strengthened the hierarchical nature of the traditional Japanese family ratther than modernizing it.
The Changing Status of Women
93
Despite Japan's high levels of economic, industrial and technological development, the status of women in Japanese society is not yet on par with that of women in Western industrial nations. One of the primary reasons for their continued inferiority can be found in the way that Japan's modernization process had occured; radical changes in women's legal rights were imposed from above... (i.e., by the American occupatoon forces), while traditional mores regarding women's place in society have been slow in changing. Therefore, despite the many laws that given women the legal right to equality at home, at work, and in politics, the reality is somewhat different.
In ancient and medieval times, women enjoyed same status as men.
94
The gradual subordination of Japanese women occurred over the centuries and is most directly related to the establishment of the traditional family systems., which is based on patriarchal authority.
Wives began to join their husbands' faimilies, granting property to a daughter would who would eventually leave the family meant handing over part of the family estate to another family.
After the Meiji restoration, when the ie system was enforced legally throughout Japan, the male head of household assumed full legal authority for all family members. The 1898 Civil Code favoured the husband in marriage, property rights, and other aspects of family laws. Adultery constitued legal grounds for divorce only if committed by the wife, and fathers retained custody of the children in all cases of divorce. In the event of her husband's death, the wife came under the authority of the eldest sonm thus following Confucian dictum that a women should in youth obey her father, in maturity obey her husband, and in old age her son. Some have argued that it as this Confucian philosophy and the long feudal experience of Japan that combined to restrict the freedom of women and force them into complete subodination to men.
3
One of the few areas in which Japan remained independent of Western influence during this time was with regard to the institution of the family. Despite the modernization of lifesty;es and many other speheres of Japanese society, ie (the traditional family system), which had previously existed among the upper class, was codified and enforced throughout Japan regardless of social status.
Many practices unworthy of imitation were discarded. What is most characteristic about Japan's effort to learn from the West is its spirit of independence in incorporating only those elements that would be advantageous to it. Japan succeded in keeping its ethos and cultural-spiritual traditions intact while assimilating Western knowledge and technology.
Changes in the Japanese Family System
15
the basis of the contemporary Japanese family rests upon the fuedal conecpt of ie, which may be translated as "stem family." More specifically, ie is defined as "a vertically composite form of nuclear families, one from each generation" or a "series of first sons, their wives and minor children."
This feudal family structure came into existence during the Edo era among the upper strata of Japanese society, that is, aristocrats, the shogunate and samurai warriors. Under the ie system, the continuation of the family line from one generation to another depended upon the existence of male offspring in the family.
During this period, there was no ie system among th lower classes of Japanese society- peasants, artisans, merchants or eta (the class of untouchables). Although all except eta had names, these were not family names but names given to indicate their occupations. In this conext, the family was a functional unit defined by its economic activities. All of these classes engaged in economic production, and family members included not only blood relatives but also tenants and servants.
16
Even though the the Meiji Restoration in 1868 ended the fuedal era in Japan, it was only after enforcement of the Civil Code in 1898 that the class system was officialy abolished, and the Japanese people were united as one under the emperor. In cosequence, the ie systen came to characterize bothe upper-and lower-class families, with each family directyly subordinate to the emperor. Thus, the Meiji restoration strengthened the hierarchical nature of the traditional Japanese family ratther than modernizing it.
The Changing Status of Women
93
Despite Japan's high levels of economic, industrial and technological development, the status of women in Japanese society is not yet on par with that of women in Western industrial nations. One of the primary reasons for their continued inferiority can be found in the way that Japan's modernization process had occured; radical changes in women's legal rights were imposed from above... (i.e., by the American occupatoon forces), while traditional mores regarding women's place in society have been slow in changing. Therefore, despite the many laws that given women the legal right to equality at home, at work, and in politics, the reality is somewhat different.
In ancient and medieval times, women enjoyed same status as men.
94
The gradual subordination of Japanese women occurred over the centuries and is most directly related to the establishment of the traditional family systems., which is based on patriarchal authority.
Wives began to join their husbands' faimilies, granting property to a daughter would who would eventually leave the family meant handing over part of the family estate to another family.
After the Meiji restoration, when the ie system was enforced legally throughout Japan, the male head of household assumed full legal authority for all family members. The 1898 Civil Code favoured the husband in marriage, property rights, and other aspects of family laws. Adultery constitued legal grounds for divorce only if committed by the wife, and fathers retained custody of the children in all cases of divorce. In the event of her husband's death, the wife came under the authority of the eldest sonm thus following Confucian dictum that a women should in youth obey her father, in maturity obey her husband, and in old age her son. Some have argued that it as this Confucian philosophy and the long feudal experience of Japan that combined to restrict the freedom of women and force them into complete subodination to men.
Wednesday, May 2, 2007
Women had equal rights to man and should have no social distinctions.
Free communication - women should have the rights to expressing their thoughts and opinions as well.
Taxation of women and men should be equal and should have the same treatment in employment.
Women should have the rights to their property as well.
Free communication - women should have the rights to expressing their thoughts and opinions as well.
Taxation of women and men should be equal and should have the same treatment in employment.
Women should have the rights to their property as well.
Law was more defined- law can only prohibit actions hat are hurtful to society and that it is the expression of the general will.
People were innocent until proven guilty and cannot be imprisoned or punished unless in the cases and through forms as presribed in the law.
Freedom of expression- no one would be disquieted for their opinions and their religious views. They were given the free communication of ideas. Speak, write and print in freedom
Property rights- was assured their rights over their property.
People were innocent until proven guilty and cannot be imprisoned or punished unless in the cases and through forms as presribed in the law.
Freedom of expression- no one would be disquieted for their opinions and their religious views. They were given the free communication of ideas. Speak, write and print in freedom
Property rights- was assured their rights over their property.
Wednesday, April 11, 2007
Galileo's Letter to Christina: Some Rhetorical Considerations
Jean Dietz Moss
Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4. (Winter, 1983), pp. 547-576.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-4338%28198324%2936%3A4%3C547%3AGLTCSR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
Renaissance Quarterly is currently published by Renaissance Society of America.
Jean Dietz Moss
Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4. (Winter, 1983), pp. 547-576.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-4338%28198324%2936%3A4%3C547%3AGLTCSR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
Renaissance Quarterly is currently published by Renaissance Society of America.
William R. Shea and Mariano Artigas Galileo in Rome : The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius Oxford University Press 2003 New York
Michael Sharratt Galileo : Decisive Innovator Blackwell Publishers 1994 Oxford ????
Wade Rowland Galileo's Mistake: A New Look at the Epic Confrontation between Galileo and the Church Arcade Publishing, Inc. New York 2001
134-136 138-140
Michael Sharratt Galileo : Decisive Innovator Blackwell Publishers 1994 Oxford ????
Wade Rowland Galileo's Mistake: A New Look at the Epic Confrontation between Galileo and the Church Arcade Publishing, Inc. New York 2001
134-136 138-140
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